Manganese is a chemical element with the symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is a hard, brittle, silvery-grey transition metal. In nature it is usually found in minerals rather than as the pure metal.
Manganese is important in metallurgy, chemistry, batteries and biology. It is essential in small amounts for living organisms, but excessive exposure can harm the nervous system.
Properties
Manganese sits in group 7 of the periodic table. The Royal Society of Chemistry lists it as a solid at 20 C, with relative atomic mass 54.938 and electron configuration [Ar] 3d5 4s2.
It has several oxidation states. Manganese dioxide and other manganese compounds are widely used because the element can take part in redox reactions.
Uses
The largest use of manganese is in steelmaking. It helps remove oxygen and sulphur during steel production and improves strength, hardness and wear resistance in some steels.
Manganese compounds are also used in alkaline batteries, some lithium-ion battery chemistries, glass, ceramics, pigments, fertilisers and chemical processes.
Biology and Health
Manganese is a trace nutrient involved in enzymes linked to metabolism, bone formation and antioxidant defence. Normal dietary intake is far below levels associated with industrial toxicity.
High exposure, especially inhalation of manganese dust or fumes in some workplaces, can damage the nervous system. Industrial handling therefore needs ventilation, dust control and exposure monitoring.
Occurrence
Manganese is commonly found in oxide minerals such as pyrolusite. It is mined and processed into manganese ore, ferromanganese and other products used by steel and battery industries.
See Also
References
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